Family Business Plan Essay

Other than that, Ming Yi Feeds is worked in the classification of control and the executives of relative. All the significant thing and choice is making without anyone else however not the untouchable. The business is the original and built up for a long time. The organizer of Ming Yi Feeds Sdn Bhd isn't right now arranging his retirement and isn't choosing to pass the responsibility for organization to anybody since he is as yet youthful and can maintain the business. The progression factor of the organization is the dad of the CEO is exceptionally support for the business. What's more, probably the greatest client of the organization is the BM Lean Huat Chan a chicken cultivating organization own by the CEO’s father. The steady relatives of the CEO is taking an interest themselves in the business and the help from their dad made the organization fruitful. The business is kept hidden and private to general society just as their family. The main people ready to get to the business data are the CEO and his dad. This is on the grounds that all the business data is pivotal to the organization like their provider and clients. The originator doesn't have any intrigued to sell their privately-run company, in light of the fact that the proprietor dreams to remain the business in their family. Be that as it may, so as to grow their business, investor might be required to increase some capital, however the family will in any case holding the dominant part share contrast with different investors. The organization is actualizing an essential remuneration strategy which is base compensation and remittances. In any case, there is a reward to each worker consistently and the sum depends on the exhibition in the specific year. Foundation Information Company address: Plot 31, Jalan Perindustrian Bukit Minyak 9, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Minyak, 14100 Simpang Empat. Phone No: 04-5078488 Fax No: 04-5086488 Types of Business Entity: Sendirian Berhad Work Force: Presently 20 Staff Member Building Particular: workplaces 24 X 98 feet Turnover for every year: RM 100 million Profit Margin: 0 ~ 1 % Quality Policy Mr. Seah said that they are focused on reliably give the quality item and administrations to fulfill or surpass customer’s desires through constant procedure improvement, satisfactorily prepared and created work power and on time conveyance. Vision Ming Yi needs to be a serious maker in farming item in Malaysia. Crucial Yi Feeds is focused on bringing the best and safe horticulture item to Malaysia agribusiness industry through its inventive R&D division, offices and administrations offering. Target Ming Yi Feeds needs to additionally help its deal by 10% in the following two years. Association Chart Role of Family Members Chief Executive Officer †Seah Yeok Chee the CEO is capable in settling on choice and guarantees the perfection of the business activity just as the offer of the organization. He is the oldest child in the family. Head supervisor †Kuo Yee Mei the GM is helping the CEO in day by day activity. She is mindful in keeping up stock level. She is the spouse of the CEO Mr. Seah. Money related & Human Resources Manager †Seah Ai Ling the budgetary and HR director is capable in the monetary division in the organization just as enrollment and choice of new representatives. She is the sister of the CEO. Activity Manager †Seah Yeok Chew the activity director is capable in the feed creation process and guarantees the nature of the item to fulfill the guideline. He is the more youthful sibling to the CEO. Struggle * Connectivity There is absence of association between the organization and the whole market, in light of the fact that the majority of materials are originated from relative (different business substance in a similar family). Along these lines, the expense is marginally higher. * Management issue The progression level and the authority are indistinct. Which are the distinction/hole between original (father) and second era (child). * Concept The organization is actualizing a preservationist approach. The organization isn't effectively looked for new client and don't face challenge in new venture. Arrangement * The organization conveys to the market and gets different providers so as to limit the expense. By this the organization discovered distinctive provider and think about the cost. * The authority among father and child are separated unmistakably. In this way, the choice made by the child isn't influenced by the dad. So as to accomplish the organization vision and mission, they do some interest in advertising their item to new client. Business Activity * Selling takes care of * Selling Raw Material to others provider particularly Maize and Soya bean * Others administrations Raw Material The principle crude materials are Maize, Soya bean feast, Corn gluten supper, Broken Rice, Feed Wheat, Salt, Meat and Bone, DCP, Feed Oil/Cooki ng Oil and Vaccine all the elements of grain are locally accessible at low costs however a few nutrients different fixings should be imported. Item Manufacturing Process The compound feed readiness process requires 1. High exactness and accuracy of gauging 2. Feed fixing taking care of and handling 3. Blending 4. Pressing 5. Naming Process Flow Diagram Compound Feed Process stream of UBM Formula of Feeds R1 †12 †10 ( 8107C ) Group| Name| Amount| Big Scale| Corn| 1058| | SBM Hipro| 478| Liquid| Olien/Cooking Oil| 48| Bin| C. G. M | 70| | Feed Wheat| 100| | DDGS ( Low-Pro )| 100| | MBM| 70| Hand-add| D. C. P 18%| 14| | Limestone Powder| 9| | Salt| 0. 50| | Sodium Humate| 10| Premix | Premix Merah| 1 X| | Premix 8107| 1 X| L-Lysine| 9. 84| | DL-Methionine| 6. 58| | Choline Chloride 60%| 2. 40| | Toxisorb| 3. 00| | Natuphos ( 5000G )| 0. 30| | 1979. 62| Types of Feeds * 8107 Crumbles * 8207 Crumbles * 8207 Pellet * 8307 Pellet * 8107 c is for the chicken ( 1-8 days old ) * 8207c is for the chicken ( 9-14 days old) * 8207p is for the chicken ( 15-21 days old ) * 8307p is for the chicken ( 22days †selling ) Location Tanker for capacity crude material Packaging process Photo of the capacity exist Loading process Working condition Weight the feeds and truck before send to the homestead

A Research Paper on Estee Lauder

Much can be said for the organization that gave us a variety of scents, makeup, and attire along the years. Esteã © Lauder Companies alongside the its offshoots have made some amazing progress from beginning as a little counter on Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City in the late forties.The organization became out to turn into a market chief in the beauty care products showcase in the United States. With deals summing up to $ 6 billion of every 2006, the â€Å"quite small† organization that Joseph Lauder and his significant other began is a regular example of overcoming adversity copied the world over.However, interests and discussions proliferate as the organization that is as yet ruled by the Lauder family at present faces a problem whether to straightforwardly confront the contentions head on or simply hang on and work together the standard way.SituationIn February of 2001, an ace Palestinian gathering drove a blacklist on all Estee Lauder Companies items after claims of exp ert Israel exercises that were finished by Ronald Lauder, the present CEO of Estee Lauder Companies. The blacklist cost a decline in the benefits of the whole gathering of organizations while simultaneously influencing the picture of the organization in general due to the episode. Steps of remarketing methodologies were finished by the organization in order to counterbalance the negative impacts of the blacklist on the picture of the whole company.This was gone before by a long standing fight in court of Ronald Lauder with Vladimir Zelezny and the Czech Republic in 1999 which has come about to a compensation out to the Estee Lauder CEO by the Czech businessperson which by chance was chosen as congressperson of Czech Republic.In expansion, Estee lauder is confronting the weights of noting claims that the fixings in a portion of its beauty care products contributions are dangerous and ought not be sold in the market. Moreover, the organization likewise needs to address the developing number of characteristic elective makeup in the market that is gradually gobbling up its market shares.ConflictThe blacklist was gotten by general society with blended responses. A large portion of the Muslim populace clung to the gathering that began the blacklist and saw Ronald Lauder as a supposed Zionist who, however a businessperson, is extremely strong of the Israeli control of Palestine. The contention here is the lawfulness and goal of Mr. Lauder to offer such expressions without considering the way that he speaks to an enormous worldwide organization and anything that comes out of his mouth could influence the picture and impact on the organization that he leads.On the other hand, the activities that the head official made towards policy centered issues are seen by certain gatherings, especially by Pro-Israeli gatherings as an activity if his privilege of free discourse and free activities. This was even replied by an enemy of blacklist which is equipped to repudiate the ch arges that the CEO of Estee Lauder did was the fitting thing to do.The essential clash here not actually the subject of whether Ronald Lauder accomplished something that would please a specific gathering of individuals or not however the negative impacts that the occurrence involved on the picture of the organization, just as Mr. Lauder himself. The impacts can be exemplified by a noteworthy reduction in the stock costs of Estee Lauder in the financial exchanges in 2001 which added up to a ceaseless bearish plummet and cost the organization misfortunes along the way.Estee Lauder’s advertising endeavors have likewise been essentially influenced by the recognition towards Ronald Lauder. In actuality, media transmission adventures of the organization in Europe, RSL Communications failed that year after the occurrence. The tasks of the telecoms organization are basically situated in Europe and the United States.Furthermore, what occurred in the media adventure between Ronald Laud er and his Czech accomplice, Vladimir Zelezny came about to a legitimate suit after the last neglected to discharge the permit for the neighborhood arrange Nova which was under Lauder’s Central European Media Enterprises (CME). This further influenced the picture of the CEO and prompted the liquidation of CME in 2000. This anyway was remunerated by the harm expenses that were granted for Ronald Lauder in 2003.Furthermore, the issue of Estee Lauder tricking clients over engineered and poisonous fixings over their beauty care products is one genuine clash that the organization is making a decent attempt to confront. For example, a report by Dr. Samuel S. Epstein, M.D., seat of the Cancer Prevention Coalition in Chicago, showed in one of his reports that the greater part of the items that Estee Lauder sells in the market today contain certain cancer-causing agents which could cause malignant growth through nonstop use.He facilitated that the items specifically that Origins disch arged as of late which cases to â€Å"optimize skin protection against skin age accelerators† have been considered confounding and that the advertising technique utilized here by Estee Lauder plainly conceals reality to its clients.In a similar report that was distributed by Dr. Epstein, he guarantees that fixings, for example, Limonene, PEG-100, among others are known cancer-causing agents which are all present in the present product offerings that the beauty care products organization sells in the market. Additionally, the examination incorporates the nearness of Parabens and Bisabolol, the two of which are known to disturb endocrine elements of the body and infiltrate skin respectively.With the developing business sector for progressively regular and creature well disposed beauty care products gradually gobbling up the market, Estee Lauder needs to reevaluate its present promoting methodology and contribute more on the item improvement of its restorative product offerings so as to adapt up to the high development popular in the market.

A Good List of Opinion Essay Topics

A Good List of Opinion Essay Topics Some good opinion essay topics include: Should the voting age be changed? Should the driving age be raised? Should people be allowed to keep exotic animals as pets? Should sexual education be taught at school? Should abortions be legal? Should there be a bike sharing program? Should America start using the metric system? Should there be free public Wi-Fi? Should you punish people who download music illegally? Should boys and girls be in separate classes? Intro on an opinion essay In an opinion essay, you express your thoughts on a given topic. It would seem that any work is an expression of one’s own thoughts. What is the essence of this kind of essay? In opinion essays, you need not just to reflect your point of view but also look at the proposed topic from different angles. Consider all aspects of the issue, write your opinion, and necessarily confirm it with confident arguments. An essay-opinion plan includes: Introduction. You specify the topic of reasoning. Main part. You express your opinion and confidently argue it. Here it is also desirable to consider the opinion opposite to yours and explain to the reader why you do not share this point of view. The conclusion. You sum up, finally formulating your point of view on the proposed topic. What to describe in essay? An opinion essay is the paper where you share your opinion on a certain issue. Therefore, one main idea is the foundation of reasoning, its core that is accurately formed, clear, and grounded from various opinions. Step one. Clearly form the idea you want to talk about. You can check the success of this step in the following way. Step two. Choose the arguments that support your idea and arrange them in the following order: very convincing â€" convincing enough â€" the most convincing. Useful reference on how to write opinion essay An opinion essay consists of the following: Thesis (that idea, opinion, judgment that you formed and which you are going to defend in your paper). Statements (your every statement should be regarded as a visual proof, achieved, and thus an authentic proof of your ideas). A conclusion (it talks once again about the thesis bringing it to a new level with the usage of forecasts, advice, recommendations, etc.). A desirable section of the reasoning is a brief intro, the task of which is to engage the reader in a dialogue, define the main idea and relevance of the issue. For instance, the the topic of the essay is “First Love”. The first thing you need to do is to create the thesis. If your thesis is “The first love happens in the life of every person and greatly influences the future”, the intro can be: “For teens, the first love is often the meaning of life, while adults only smile at it. However, in vain parents and acquaintances grin: according to psychologists, the first love hides the source of our adult happiness and misfortune”. Argumentation in the essay should be no more than two thirds of the whole size. It is best to have three arguments for a small paper. The best statements are those that are known to everyone such facts from history or at least those that can be easily verified using the specialized literature and documents. Good evidence will be statistical data, the events under discussion. In the practice of school essays, the weightiest argument is a literary work, not all, but that episode, the story line, the hero’s story that confirm your idea. To correctly choose statements, spell your thesis out every time you read it and ask it the question “Why?” For instance, here is another thesis related to the theme “First Love” â€" “To love means to become better”. Why? A personal experience can also be an argument but remember that such evidence is least convincing and it is well represented in the form of an extension to the main facts, known and authoritative. Then choose the arguments that support your idea and arrange them from the least convincing to the most convincing. Conclusion deepens the thesis and contains advice, rules or offers forecasts. For instance, no matter when the first love occurs in your life, it can make a person tough cynic, an unrecognizable romantic or a realist. The first one will be deeply unhappy: he cannot love, which means that he will remain alone. The second from the absolute optimism of love often turns to the same pessimism of “no love”. And only the third is able to find harmony. In order to have more people like this, adults, relatives, friends should be careful and serious about the feelings of adolescents and children. Essay samples for inspiration An opinion essay is a kind of creative work. Do not be shy of your thoughts. Don’t think your thoughts and opinions will be stupid. Pretend that you’re talking to a friend and sharing your opinion on the subject. Often, there are difficulties with writing the first sentence. You do not know where to start. In this case, the writing of the entry should be postponed. That is, first write the main part of the work, then the conclusion, and only then return to the introduction. In order not to be shy of your thoughts, it’s recommended writing anonymous essays in order to read them in the future for the whole class and make out your mistakes on your example. Everyone recognizes their own essay and is not afraid of the ridicule of fellow students or bad evaluation. You will understand what was incorrect in your work (in stylistic terms, in the logic of presentation, etc.). At the same time, teachers should not read even very funny excerpts from the works, especially with the indication of the author. After such an analysis, the student may have a persistent hatred for writing works. It should be noted that the key to good writing is reading books and communicating with adults. Talk more often sharing your opinion on certain things, discuss everything you see and hear, everything that interests you. Tips for writing Here are the tips to follow when writing an opinion essay: Stick to the structure of the essay. Once you have received the assignment, determine the type of essay and the plan by which you will write it. After that, come up with the title, the intro, several paragraphs of the main part, and the conclusion. Use a draft. Since there is not much time to write an essay use the draft. Outline your thoughts and arguments using short theses. This will allow you not to forget important thoughts while writing a final version of the text. Prepare for any topic. The essay shows not only your level of language knowledge but also erudition. Therefore, before preparing for the exam read the texts on different topics. Leave time for the check-up. Allocate the time so that at the end of the exam you have at least 5 minutes left to check the essay. Define the appropriate style. The style of writing an essay should be semi-formal or formal. Do not use slang and word abbreviations. Be concise. The essay is a short written work. Keep within the limits of the text. Give arguments. Each written thought should not sound unfounded. Support it with arguments, a vivid example, statistics, etc. Use the word-bundles. Introductory words for essays are important links that link sentences together, forming a logical chain of your thoughts. Use a variety of vocabulary and grammar. Avoid repetition of words, use synonyms and complex grammatical constructions. Present your thoughts correctly. Essay is a written expression of your thoughts on a particular topic. And here it is important not to forget about elementary delicacy. Write softly. Though you should write your thoughts on the issue, try not to use the structures such as “I’m sure that ”, “I know that ”, etc. List of topics for opinion essay If you’re at a loss about what topic to choose for your opinion essay, search online where you can find many interesting opinion paper topics to get an idea of what you can write about. How to choose a right topic? In order to choose the right topic for your paper, the topic should be interesting for you and you should have a desire to write about it and research it. Conclusion on an opinion essay Now you know how to write an essay perfectly. In order for this theoretical knowledge to bring you practical knowledge in the form of a high score on the exam, actively use them. Practice writing essays on different topics â€" this will be the best preparation for the exam.

Essay on Obama and the National Debt - 1185 Words

â€Å"Back in 2008, candidate Obama called a $10 trillion national debt ‘unpatriotic’. Yet by his own decisions, President Obama has added more debt than any other president before him, one president, one term, and $5 trillion in new debt† (Paul Ryan, Rep. for Wisconsin, 2011). Everyone agrees that the national debt needs to be fixed. However, people are disagreeing about how to tackle this problem and whether or not we are making any progress. Like most global issues, it is a complicated issue with equally difficult solutions. It is hard to keep people’s interest in a confusing issue, but since we children are the ones that will be stuck with this problem soon, we’d better start taking an interest. To make this easier to†¦show more content†¦So they decreased their deficit by $10,000 which sounds great for one year, but they actually still increased their debt by another $15,000. The same thing works for the government. The govern ment has the Gross Domestic Product (â€Å"GDP†), which is basically how much money all the new goods and services are worth that everyone in America buys within a given year. The GDP represents the â€Å"how much we earn† part. The second part is everything the government spends money on; healthcare, defense, education, welfare, social security, etc. According to President Obama’s State of the Union Address, we are making progress with our debt elimination. He cited that the deficit has dropped from 6.8% of the GDP in 2012 to 3.9% in 2013. Based on my example above, we know that the deficit is not the same as the debt and that the debt continues to get larger every minute of every day. Unfortunately, while the deficit percentage of the GDP did get smaller last year, the debt percentage of the GDP is ridiculously high at 73% according to the Congressional Budget Office (â€Å"CBO†); this means that the debt is higher now than any time since after Wo rld War II. And while it may reduce for the next few years due to economic growth, the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget (â€Å"CRFB†) predicts that the debt will grow to 79.2% of GDP by 2024 and 100% by 2023. This means thatShow MoreRelatedLearning From Past Presidents Essay example873 Words   |  4 Pagesissues of national debt and foreign policy. President Washington found it be in the interest of the national debt to always protect the public credit. To use the credit as least as possible by keeping times of peace to avoid spending. To you the nation’s money to prepare for the event of national concern over time, instead of dispersing large sums in individual events, this would help to decrease the accumulation of debt. Even more, take advantage of times of peace to pay down the national debt occurredRead MoreU.s National Debt And History1304 Words   |  6 PagesUS national debt and history The national debt of US is the amount owed by the federal government. 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Federal Deficit1345 Words   |  6 Pages National Debt vs. Federal Deficit What word begin with â€Å"d† ends with â€Å"t†, and has to deal with the nation s budgets? Well if you guessed debt, then you are absolutely correct. Or deficit, because both fit the criteria just fine. Though these words look alike, they are not interchangeable. The difference between the two is that while the national debt is getting bigger the federal deficit (as of 2014) is increasingly becoming less. As of last year it was said that the Obama administration wasRead MorePresident Reagan s Economic Recovery Package1441 Words   |  6 PagesReagan administration. To be Frank, it would be virtually impossible for President to stage an Obama revolution with approximately a year left in office. The current political landscape is different and more challenging. Similar to President Reagan, if President Obama were to attempt an Obama revolution, he would need to use the partisan pathway. President Obama’s biggest roadblock is timing. President Obama would need to allies from his administration and from both the Republican Party and DemocraticRead MoreU.s. Federal Budget Deficit927 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States debt had reached $17.7 trillion dollars (Fighting for a U.S. federal budget that works for all Americans, 2014). Over the past few years, the U.S. debt has continued to increase and signs point to this continuing into 2015. According to the article I have cited, China and Japan hold the vast majority of the United States debt (Fighting for a U.S. federal budget that works for all Americans, 2014). This graph depicts all of the f oreign investors who currently hold U.S. debt: (FightingRead MoreEssay Causes Associated with the Unemployment Problems in the US807 Words   |  4 Pagesmore. 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Another contributor to this national debit is also the federal budget the President and congress go over every year, which includes an acceleratedRead MorePresident Obama Administration : The Fiscal Policy1480 Words   |  6 PagesGiven the critical circumstances the United States economy faces today, the current fiscal policy, in addition to the changes that will be made in the future, is under intense scrutiny. During the Obama administration, which will soon come to an end in about six months, a variety of policies were created in attempts to create employment, raise our GDP, and boost the state of the economy, among other ideas. The fiscal policies created by Congress and the Presid ent demonstrate success in some areas

Essay on Finance and Internal Control - 976 Words

ACCT301 Week 2 Homework 1. In two to three paragraphs, describe the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and why it is important to the accounting profession. (15 points) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in 2002 by Congress after a series of scandals involving companies such as Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco. This was passed because of shady transactions and misrepresented financial data which caused shareholders to lose millions of dollars and their trust in investing in public companies. It was passed to create new rules of accountability and accuracy for public companies. It is important to the account profession because companies were required to have met certain conditions or face the consequences. The Act requires all public companies to†¦show more content†¦Control Activities: This refers to the organization’s policies and procedures which help ensure that the necessary actions are taken to speak out and address potential risks. Information and Communication: This focuses on the â€Å"nature and quality† of information that is needed in order to effectively control the systems used to develop such information and reports used to communicate effectively. Monitoring: This involves assessing the quality and effectiveness of the company’s internal control process over time. This includes assessing the design and operation of controls, the compliance with polices and procedures, and making sure everything is done according to the rules. 3. Describe the relationship between the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and COSO. (10 points) There are some close relationships between the SOX and the COSO. The COSO would essentially the framework for the SOX which took effect in 2002, forcing businesses to comply with different rules, policies, and producers. Though SOX is more rigorous about setting these standards and have implemented more guidelines, the COSO was essentially what the SOX Act used in order to stop fraud within a business setting. 4. Tom Jackson is a CPA who really likes to go to Las Vegas, play poker, and bet on football games. Tom knows that the accounting profession disapproves ofShow MoreRelatedFinance and Internal Controls Essay697 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Finance and Investment Controls Just as all cycles discussed in this proposal the finance and investment cycles are vital to the return of borrowed assessments and the value (and longevity) of the company. Corresponded or intertwined to that of the investment cycle and business cycle, the Finance cycle deals with the company’s ability to pay back investors and entities that have facilitated finance to the company’s mission and vision. The finance cycle commences from the initial moments of obtainingRead MoreSources of Internal and External Finance for American Chicken959 Words   |  4 Pagesthe different sources of finance available to them , both internal and external. By doing this it will help them achieve both of their business objectives mentioned before. Overview There are two sources of finances available to American chicken, internal and external. Internal sources of finance are finances raised from inside the company for example profit that is re-invested into the business known as retained profit. Internal finance is generally the type of finance that a new business wouldRead MoreWhat is Finance Management?1598 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is finance management? â€Å"Financial Management is the Operational Activity of a business that is responsible for obtaining and effectively utilizing the funds necessary for efficient operation.† by Joseph Massie. 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Internal source of finance The Corporation reliesRead More CEO and Head of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors1037 Words   |  5 Pagesmemo are, first, to explain the meaning and significance of evaluating control environment; second, to discuss the integrity and ethical values; third, to show the organizational structure; fourth, the importance of establishing commitment to competence; finally, to establish and segregate the division of responsibilities of finance and accounting department in order to establish the appropriate tone. Control Environment Control environment is the step engaged by a company to prevent fraud; both misappropriationRead MoreThe Impact Of Internal Controls On Tertiary Institution s Financial Performance1510 Words   |  7 PagesThe different impacts that internal controls on tertiary institution’s Financial Performance: Background of the study Internal controls refer to different measures employed by organizations so as to ensure attainment of the entity’s objective, goals and missions. With the aim of reducing wastes, theft or the misuse of organization resources specifically funds, different policies and procedures are enforced on the transactions to ensure appropriate transactions management. 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Budget Holder Members of staff other than the Head of Academic Department or the Head of Professional Service or the Director of Finance who have been assigned a budget and is accountable to a Pro-Director or the Director of Finance. 3. Director of Finance This is the chief financial officer of the school, who is accountableRead MoreInformation Technology Audit Team Creation1287 Words   |  6 Pagespertaining to the entire organization. Moreover, the expected outcome of this report is to provide all crucial aspects of successfully creating an IT audit team, so that the team is fully efficient to figure out each and every pros and cons of the internal controls of an IT department. Focus for the Team The focus of an IT audit team is evolving from a traditional to a progressive approach. Whereas traditional auditors were audit focused and their objectives were mostly based on compliance, policies and

Regression Analysis and Marks Free Essays

BRUNEL UNIVERSITY Master of Science Degree examination Specimen Exam Paper 2005-2006 EC5002: Modelling Financial Decisions and Markets EC5030: Introduction to Quantitative Methods Time allowed: 1. 5 hours Answer all of question 1 and at least two other questions 1. COMPULSORY Provide brief answers to all the following: (a) A sample of 20 observations corresponding to the model: Y = + X + u, gave the P P P following data: (X X)2 = 215:4, (Y Y )2 = 86:9, and (X X)(Y Y ) = 106:04. We will write a custom essay sample on Regression Analysis and Marks or any similar topic only for you Order Now Estimate . 5 marks) (b) Prove that r2 = byx bxy , where byx is the least-squares (LS) slope in the regression of Y on X , bxy is the LS slope in the regression of X on Y , and r is the coe? cient of correlation between X and Y . (5 marks) (c) Present four alternative in†¡ ation/unemployment regressions. (5 marks) (d) Give one reason for autocorrelated disturbances. (5 marks) (e) Explain how we might use the Breusch-Godfrey statistic to test estimated residuals for serial correlation. (5 marks) (f) The following regression equation is estimated as a production function for Q: lnQ = 1:37 + 0:632 lnK + 0:452 lnL, cov(bk ; bl ) = 0:055; 0:257) (0:219) where the standard errors are given in parentheses. Test the hypothesis that capital (K ) and labor (L) elasticities of output are identical. (5 marks) Continued (Turn over) 1 ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THE FOLLOWING: 2. (a) Economic theory supplies the economic interpretation for the predicted relationships between nominal (in†¡ ation) uncertainty, real (output growth) uncertainty, output growth, and in†¡ ation. Discuss †¦ve testable hypotheses regarding bidirectional causality among these four variables. (25 marks) + yt b) An investigator estimates a linear relation for German output growth (yt ): yt = 1 + ut , t = 1850; : : : ; 1999. The values of †¦ve test statistics are shown in Table 1: Discuss the results. Is the above equation correctly speci†¦ed? (10 marks) 3. (a) i) Show how various examples of typical hypotheses †¦t into a general linear framework: Rb = r, where R is a (q k) matrix of known constants, with q k, b is the (k 1) least-squares vector, and r is a q -vector of known constants. ii) Show how the least-squares estimator (b) of about . an be used to test various hypotheses iii) â€Å"The test procedure is then to reject the hypothesis Rb = r if the computed F value exceeds a preselected critical value† Discuss. (20 marks) (b) The results of least-squares est imation (based on 30 quarterly observations) of the regression of the actual on predicted interest rates (three-month U. S. Treasury Bills) were as follows: rt = 0:24 + 0:94 rt + et ; RSS = 28:56; (0:86) (0:14) where rt is the observed interest rate, and rt is the average expectation of rt held at the end of the preceding quarter. FiguresX parentheses are estimated standard errors. in X (rt r )2 = 52. The sample data on r give rt =30 = 10, According to the rational expectations hypothesis expectations are unbiased, that is, the average prediction is equal to the observed realization of the variable under investigation. Test this claim by reference to announced predictions and to actual values of the rate of interest on three-month U. S. Treasury Bills. (Note: In the above equation all the assumptions of the classical linear regression model are satis†¦ed). 15 marks) Continued (Turn over) 2 4. (a) What are the assumptions of the classical linear regression model? (10 marks) (b) Prove that the variance-covariance matrix of the (k 1) least-squares vector b is: var(b) = 2 (X 0 X) 1 , where 2 is the variance of the disturbances and X is the (n k) matrix of the regressors. (15 marks) b (c) In the two-variable equation: Yi = a+bXi , i = 1; : : : ; n show that cov(a; b) = 2 X= X)2 . (10 marks) X (X 5. (a) Explain how we might use White statistic to test for the presence of heteroscedasticity in the estimated residuals. 10 marks) (b) A speci†¦ed equation is Y = X +u, with E(u) = 0 and E(uu0 ) = ; where =diagf 2 ; : : : ; 1 Derive White’ correct estimates of the standard errors of the OLS coe? cients. s (15 marks) (c) Explain how we might test for ARCH e ¤ects? (10 marks) 2 2g . 3 Table 1. Test statistic Value of the test p-value White heteroscedasticity test 50. 72 0. 00 Box-Pierce Statistic on 82. 263 0. 00 Squared Residuals Jarque-Bera statistic 341. 754 0. 00 ARCH test 65. 42 0. 00 Ramsey test statistic 39. 74 0. 00 4 How to cite Regression Analysis and Marks, Essay examples

Rewriting What to do when you have to rephrase someone else’s words - The Writers For Hire

REWRITING: WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU HAVE TO REPHRASE SOMEONE ELSE’S WORDS One of the things freelance writers are often called upon to do is rewriting. That is, they’re charged with finding new ways to present information that’s already been written about elsewhere – sometimes because the original format is not suited for the target audience and sometimes to avoid copyright infringement. This isn’t always easy. Sometimes, the source material is highly technical and therefore difficult to explain to non-expert readers. (Much less frequently, it’s the other way around, with source material written in such a simplistic fashion as to bore the experts.) And sometimes, when the material comes from a proprietary source, rewriting is a delicate task that requires writers to choose their words carefully and present ideas differently, so as not to blur the boundaries of intellectual property. Despite these challenges, freelance writers can thread this needle. In this post, we’ll discuss some of the ways freelance writers can achieve their aim while still turning out high-quality copy. Striking the right tone We’ll start by addressing the question of how to strike the right tone. As noted above, rewriting can involve adapting highly technical material for a lay audience – say, using an article from a medical journal as the source material for a blog post on new developments in medical research. If this is the case, the writer handling the assignment should assess two factors: first, the average actual level of technical knowledge displayed in the original material and second, the average likely level of technical knowledge among members of the target audience. The next step is to estimate the gap between those two averages. Once the writer has an idea of how large that gap is, he or she can choose words that bridge that gap. Unfortunately, there’s no mathematical formula for making this call. Instead, there’s a subjective element, meaning that the writer has to decide how much to adjust the original material. If, for example, the source material reads like this ORIGINAL: Using genome-wide data from 253,288 individuals, we identified 697 variants at genome-wide significance that together explained one-fifth of the heritability for adult height. the writer might offer the following to a general audience with little or no specialized knowledge SIMPLIFIED REWRITE: Researchers have determined that 20% of the differences in adult height can be explained by a combination of nearly 700 different genetic variations. and the following to readers with a moderate level of specialized knowledge: MODERATE REWRITE: An analysis of genome-wide data from more than 250,000 individuals has led researchers to conclude that combinations of 697 specific genetic variants account for 20% of inherited differences in height. Both of these rewrites succeed because they convey the main idea of the source material, using language that is appropriate for the target audience. Even better, they transform dry, technical prose into something that reads more like a story than a laboratory report. Avoiding copyright violations But rewriting isn’t always about tone and sizing up target audiences. Sometimes it’s a more straightforward task – something along the lines of summarizing news coverage of a particular topic. If so, writers must remember that the journalistic material they’re using – wire reports, newspaper articles, magazine features, etc. – is almost always copyrighted. As such, it is subject to legal restrictions on its use, and writers who want to use the information must take steps to ensure that their product does not mirror the original text. Fortunately, there are several ways to do this. One way is to take the facts presented, and re-word them in a way that is unique, but still tells the same basic information. In practical terms, this might entail starting with â€Å"Snow White and the Seven Dwarves† and then using the thesaurus to end up with â€Å"The Seven Short Men and Frost White.† And in less fanciful terms, it might involve starting with this Reuters article, dated September 3 ORIGINAL: The U.S. Federal Reserve should cut interest rates by half a percentage point at its meeting in two weeks to get ahead of both financial market expectations for a rate cut and a global trade war that has become a broader â€Å"reckoning† over how the world economy is organized, St. Louis Federal Reserve President James Bullard said in an interview on Tuesday. and ending up with something like this: REWRITTEN: James Bullard, the president of the St. Louis Federal Reserve, has spoken out in favor of a cut in interest rates. In an interview with Reuters, Bullard urged the U.S. Federal Reserve to bring interest rates down by 0.5% at an upcoming meeting, saying this would help Washington stay ahead of market expectations and also take the lead in trade disputes that have raised questions about the organization of the global economy. This method can also be used for direct quotes from proprietary sources. It can help writers start with the following excerpt from the same Reuters article ORIGINAL: â€Å"This is an unraveling of the trade liberalization process that has been going on since World War Two.† and finish with this: REWRITTEN: According to Bullard, the disputes between the U.S. and other countries such as China indicate that efforts to liberalize trade are faltering after more than 70 years of forward movement. Writers can also look for opportunities to emphasize a different point from the source material. If the original text addresses a secondary theme somewhere in the middle, the rewritten text can bring that secondary theme into the spotlight, rather than leading with the primary topic. For example, writers can begin with this ORIGINAL: The U.S. Federal Reserve should cut interest rates by half a percentage point at its meeting in two weeks to get ahead of both financial market expectations for a rate cut and a global trade war that has become a broader â€Å"reckoning† over how the world economy is organized, St. Louis Federal Reserve President James Bullard said in an interview on Tuesday. Global investors have sent bond yields plummeting in recent weeks to record lows, leaving the Fed’s overnight policy rate seemingly out of line, Bullard said. Economic data on Tuesday meanwhile showed the U.S. manufacturing sector had contracted for the first time in three years amid slowing global economic growth and as China and the U.S. ratchet up tariffs on each other. and end up with this: REWRITTEN: James Bullard, the president of the St. Louis Federal Reserve, expressed concern about newly released economic data showing that the domestic manufacturing sector had shrunk for the first time since 2016, even as global economic growth rates slowed and trade disputes between the U.S. and China persisted. In an interview with Reuters, Bullard noted that recent developments had caused bond yields to sink to new lows. Under these conditions, he said, the U.S. Federal Reserve’s overnight policy rate is due for a change. He specifically recommended that the Fed consider reducing interest rates by 0.5% at an upcoming meeting. Taking this step would help the U.S. government address financial market players’ predictions of a rate cut and stay one step ahead of questions about how the U.S.-China trade war has affected the organization of the global economy. Once again, these rewrites succeed because they convey essentially the same ideas and the same information as the source material. But they also serve the writers’ purposes because they use different words and phrases (and sometimes emphasize different points) as they do so. Coloring outside the lines In the examples listed above, we have seen that writers who are trying to rework source material face restrictions – either technically, because they are dealing with subject matter that is complex, jargon-laden, and stylized in its presentation, or legally, because of its copyrighted status. But we have also seen that there are ways to work within and even transcend these restrictions. Writers can benefit significantly if they remember to use basic tools such as a thesaurus, but they can do even more if they find new ways to approach the same old information.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Essay Essay Example

Hibiscus rosa Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Essay Paper Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Essay Paper Essay Topic: Purple Hibiscus The species of hibiscus which seems to hold the greatest figure of discrepancies is Hibiscus rosa sinensis. These workss appear to hold countless fluctuations in coloring material and form in both individual and dual signifiers. due to the involvement in these workss by early hibiscus enthusiasts who hybridised Hibiscus rosa-sinensis with other compatible species. Ross Gast in his Familial History of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis hints the early motion of these workss and the hybridization with other species which has led to the copiousness of cultivars available today. Particular fluctuations were perpetuated by the pickings of film editings. Although by and large considered to be native to Continental tropical Asia. the species is unknown in the wild and its country of beginning is divinatory. Gast nevertheless believes it to be from India due to the fact that Polynesian people supposed to hold originated in India may hold brought the species to China and the Pacific in the centuries of their Eastern migrations. Because it reached its highest development as an cosmetic works in China. and as most early cultivars were collected at that place and shipped to Europe. the species was given its name rosa-sinensis or Rose of China ( China Rose ) . It is interesting to observe that the earliest signifiers collected were of the dual signifier. these were found turning about ancient temples and castles in China. and the individual signifier was non connected with the species for some considerable clip. A dual ruddy signifier of H. rosa-sinensis was illustrated and described by Van Reede in 1678. and a dual ruddy and other signifiers were introduced to England by Philip Miller. conservator of the Chelsea Physic Garden. London every bit early as 1731. under the name of H. javanica. bespeaking them to be indigens of Java. Cook and other Pacific adventurers found the dual ruddy signifier cultivated in several island groups. This signifier is still common in all parts of the universe where hibiscus are grown. The individual ruddy signifier of H. rosa-sinensis is besides known as ‘common red’ . ‘sinensis’ or ‘camdenii’ . and it is the national flower of Malaysia and the State of Hawaii. A reproduction of an scratching appearance in Van Reede’s Hortus Indicus Malabarensis ( 1678 ) . It is said to be the first pictural representation of an cosmetic hibiscus to look in a European horticultural publication. This flower when crushed turns black. giving dark purple dye used in India for melanizing places ( hence Shoe Black Plant ) . In China it is used by adult females to dye hair and eyebrows. It is besides used to color spiritss and to dye paper a blue purple shade which reacts like litmus. Hawaiians eat natural flowers to help digestion and the Chinese pickle and eat them. The ruddy hibiscus was considered a sacred flower in Polynesia. for an early author speaks of a native being clubbed to decease for have oning the flower over his ear in forepart of a temple. A Polynesian myth Tells of a beautiful adult female whose beauty was destroyed by a enchantress ; her hair and foreheads were restored by the juice of the hibiscus. Harmonizing to Tahitian lore the hibiscus was created from the rubicund face of adult male. and a hibiscus bloom worn over the right ear shows that a individual is looking for a mate. if over the left ear a mate has been found. In Hawaii existent involvement in hibiscus civilization began at the bend of the century. The common ruddy seems to hold been brought in at an early day of the month from China and this was crossed with the species native to Hawaii and with H. schizopetalus to bring forth some dramatic consequences. One of the first individuals who became interested in hibiscus was Gerrit Wilder. who seems to hold held the first hibiscus show in 1914 ; he exhibited some 400 different assortments. In the old ages following. involvement was really widespread until there were literally 1000s of different signifiers and colorss. In 1923 a jurisprudence was passed doing the hibiscus the flower of the Territory of Hawaii. Single blooms are known as aloala lahilahi and the dual signifiers as aloalo pupupu. The enthusiasm for alien new loanblends spread to mainland United States with most involvement generated in Florida. where. in the hope of supplying some solution to the jobs of designation and naming of assortments. every bit good as advancing involvement in the cultivation of H. rosa-sinensis. the American Hibiscus Society was formed in the fiftiess. The publication of the first official nomenclature list of the American Hibiscus Society in 1955 was the first measure in entering and registering many of the brilliant cultivars available and being produced by eager breeders. Across the Pacific in Australia involvement in the species was aroused by the reaching of around 30 new assortments from India. imported by the Brisbane City Council to be used in a street seting plan. The new reachings proved really popular and it was non long before these assortments were available through babys rooms to the populace. The history of hibiscus in Australia dates back to the early 1800s. when John Macarthur. the adult male responsible for presenting the merino sheep to Australia. planted some of the individual common ruddy around his belongings at Camden. N. S. W. Subsequent film editings from these workss were labelled ‘camdenii’ . a name still used in babys rooms today. Hazlewood Nurseries of N. S. W. listed about 20 assortments in their catalogues during the 1930s and sometime around 1946 the first Hawaiian loanblends notably ‘Cameo Queen’ and ‘Mrs Tomkins’ arrived. The late 1950s saw more assortments imported from Fiji and Hawaii. The immense colorful flowers of the Hawaiian loanblends were so superior to most other assortments that these were classified as ‘Hawaiian hibiscus’ a name that still persists for most big blooming alien loanblends. whereas intercrossed hibiscus would be a more right name for these assortments. In October 1967 the inaugural meeting of the Australian Hibiscus Society was held with Jim Howie as Foundation President. Like its American opposite number the Australian Society has prospered and the exchange of information and thoughts between members has resulted in bigger and better hibiscus for all. Gardeners in northern parts of New Zealand were besides going aware of the developments and beauty of the ulterior H. rosa-sinensis loanblends through the assortments collected by Mr Harvey Turner and the loanblends being produced by Mr Jack Clark of Auckland. A comprehensive scope of loanblends is now available through babys rooms in these states. Why is this flower so popular? How can one depict the beauty of hibiscus? Many people are incognizant of the wide scope of colorss. coloring material combinations and flower signifiers. Today there is about limitless fluctuation in sunglassess of coloring material. The blossoming of most cultivars or assortments varies in different subdivisions of the province and state. Generally. blooms are more plentiful during the period of most vigorous growing. Flowering season for most assortments is about the whole twelvemonth unit of ammunition. but some flower less during the winter months or in hot conditions. This is no uncertainty due to the complex genteelness of these different assortments. Colour sunglassess will change harmonizing to the conditions. temperature. sum of sunshine and clip of twenty-four hours! The single flower of hibiscus normally lasts but for one twenty-four hours. nevertheless another bloom takes its topographic point every bit shortly as it dies and for this ground the workss appear to be ever in bloom. The best blossoming clip in most climes is normally. summer and fall. As the yearss get shorter and the conditions ice chest. the buds construct up and on warm fall yearss explode in a blazing of coloring material! The flowers last longer in the ice chest fall conditions than in the heat of summer. nevertheless some modern longlasting assortments will last two to three yearss even in the really hot conditions. Growth habits differ between cultivars: workss may run in tallness from 90 centimeter to 6 m ( 3 20 foot ) and vary from semi prostrate to upright in form. The hibiscus possesses the unusual trait of non wilting after it is picked. Whether left on the bush. picked and put in H2O or laid out dry on a tabular array top the flowers remain fresh and chip. Picking buds early in the forenoon before they begin opening and puting them in a icebox idiots opening. When removed subsequently in the twenty-four hours or early flushing the buds unfastened and complete their normal rhythm. Buds may be held back for one or two yearss. which is really ready to hand when 1 is entertaining invitees. The flowers can be used for many signifiers of flowered ornament. but surprisingly are non successful for wreath because they are easy crushed and may stain vesture. With so many virtuousnesss it is small admiration that H. rosa-sinensis has been called `queen of the tropical flowers’ . Choosing Assortments You have seen beautiful hibiscus in your community and possibly hold attended some of the one-year hibiscus shows. The shows present 100s of named assortments. giving you an chance to go acquainted with many different sorts and colorss. However. a few of the most beautiful hibiscus are hapless agriculturists or pantss and the novice needs advice at this point. Consult with experient agriculturists or with knowing gardeners who grow many assortments and are exhaustively familiar with their features. Which varieties you select as a start depends on your personal penchant and your garden programs. Whether you plan to utilize hibiscus for a hibiscus garden. a hedge. boundary line bush. screens. potted topics. or specimen plantings. the people reding you will necessitate to cognize your purposes. The initial choice that you make will be more satisfactory if it is based on the suggestions made by successful agriculturists. Acquire a few bushy. good molded workss at a clip and go forth garden infinite for adding other assortments as you become better acquainted with hibiscus. As mentioned antecedently hibiscus scope in growing features from low. prostrate. sprawly shrubs to little trees 6 m ( 20 foot ) high. In form they may be: ( a ) compact. dumbly leaved and good for hedges and background( B ) unfastened and sparsely leafed( degree Celsius ) vertical and thin( vitamin D ) short and wide. These features should be considered when hibiscus are chosen for seting in a certain place. Position In order to obtain the best consequences from your hibiscus. choice of the planting place is most of import. Make certain you choose an unfastened cheery place. sooner sheltered from cold predominating air currents. Full Sun is indispensable ; although hibiscus will turn and last in shaded state of affairss. they will non blossom every bit prolifically as if planted in full Sun. Hibiscus prefer a sandy dirt which has been enriched by the add-on of humus. with good drainage being indispensable. If the drainage appears dubious at all it is a good thought to raise the degree of the beds intended for planting by about 25-35 centimeter ( 10-14 in ) . This is a good pattern in heavy clay dirt or where there is ooze in the country after heavy rains as hibiscus can non digest `wet feet’ . Modern assortments do good on walls confronting the Sun and protected from air current. Choose a hibiscus to accommodate the place. take one in the right tallness scope: excessively frequently we see a immense works next to a front gate. barricading the entryway and doing entry awkward. peculiarly in moisture conditions. Sometimes we see a nice hedge punctuated by spreads where lower turning workss were chosen. Today it is possible to obtain hibiscus seamster made to your demands. Remember before seting that hibiscus prefer to be planted on their ain. and to obtain optimal consequences fix a particular bed for them. Make non works amongst other bushs where they have to vie for nutrient. visible radiation. H2O and Sun. Half a day’s Sun is the minimal demand. While hibiscus are moderately salt tolerant. in coastal countries the danger of salt hurt can non be ignored. Hibiscus will non stand dune conditions and suffer terrible hurt or decease where air currents saturate big countries with salt spray. Hosing of the leaf on a regular basis in such countries is necessary to forestall salt burn caused by the physique up of salt on the leaf. Plants should be protected from these air currents if at all possible by utilizing edifices. fencings. screens or trees for protection. Future care of the deep-rooted country should be an of import consideration in the planning phases. A garden that requires continual and expensive care can be a heavy load on the householder. and the joy he expects to have can be lost. Work out landscape programs in progress. make up ones minding on the type of workss needed. location. spacing and balance so that signifier and coloring material will harmonize into an attractive whole. Two garden designs suited for massed planting of hibiscus on an mean suburban block Fixing the Garden When you start with a bare pace and with small or no cognition of be aftering a garden or hibiscus civilization and equipped merely with the desire to turn these brilliant workss. the best manner of making this is to get down with a prepared program of what you wish to accomplish finally. If you are non certain. seek out a friend who has a basic cognition of planning and the ability to pull a study of a garden country. For the best effects works in groups in constructed beds or brushing gardens. whichever is the most desirable. With established gardens nevertheless. it may merely be possible to hold one constructed bed set aside for turning hibiscus. or in a level or unit. one may be limited to container adult workss. Remember in your planning that some assortments of hibiscus merely turn to about 90 centimeter ( 3 foot ) tall. while others grow to about 6 m ( 20 foot ) . Most modern loanblends can be kept to around 1. 2 – 1. 8 m ( 4 – 6 foot ) . Garden beds should ever be built up to guarantee your hibiscus have equal drainage to their root systems. Attractive rock or cement edging can be used in building. therefore leting you to construct up your dirt behind them. To make garden beds in a new country. bit any bing grass or weeds off the surface. without interrupting into the undersoil overly. so construct up the dirt degree by utilizing a good sandy loam. impersonal to acid in nature with good compost or organic affair mixed equally through it in the ratio of three parts dirt to one portion compost. Try to avoid heavy. gluey dirts as it is easier to construct up a hapless sandy dirt than interrupt down a heavy one. Soil Preparation Proper readying of the dirt prior to seting will assist guarantee vigorous healthy workss and cut down the job of after attention of the dirt to the regular add-on of organic stuff. The site should be prepared good in progress of seting. Most dirts are low in organic affair and hibiscus benefit by the add-on of this stuff. Mark off the country where the workss are to be set and distribute a good midst screen of compost. foliage mold. good decomposed manure or good rotten poulet litter etc. and fork into the dirt. A little application of dolomite ( 70 g per square meter ) and a balanced fertilizer ( 100 g per square meter ) should be applied and forked in. After fertilizing. the dirt should be rested for two to three hebdomads. during which clip works choice and purchase can be made. Care should be taken when maintaining workss in containers for several hebdomads before seting. Remember the workss have merely come from a babys room where they have been nurtured daily. so do non bury to inspect them each twenty-four hours. Put them in the full Sun and neer allow them dry out ; workss in containers do dry out quickly in warm conditions. Do non try to works dried out workss ; a good manner to guard against this is to soak the container in a bath or pail of H2O for approximately 10 proceedingss. but do certain that you allow it run out exhaustively subsequently. otherwise the works. dirt and all could fall in in a boggy pile after remotion from the container. Do non works excessively profoundly! Dig your hole somewhat larger and deeper than your container and the works should be planted at about the same degree as it was in the container or merely somewhat deeper. The dirt should be made house around the works with light force per unit area applied by the pess. When the country has been planted a suited mulch should be applied and the country exhaustively saturated. sooner with a sprinkler. Spacing Competition by workss for infinite is a job for the nurseryman. The roots of big trees such as pines and thenars offer great competition to hibiscus workss put excessively close to them and frequently. regardless of lacrimation and eating. these workss will non thrive. A works decently located and spaced is more self sufficient because of the distributing root system it can develop. enabling it to better defy dry periods and pick up nutrient and H2O. and will honor the nurseryman with more beauty of works and flowers. Adequate room should be given the works to allow it to maturate without undue cramping or crowding. In a hedge utilizing standard hedge assortments. infinite dour hibiscus at least 1 m ( 3? foot ) apart ; a spacing of 1. 2 m ( 4 foot ) is better. In a bed or group seting utilizing the better loanblends. let 1. 2 m ( 4 foot ) between all workss. Against the house. seek to maintain at least 60 centimeter ( 2 foot ) from the foundations. with spacing of 1. 35 m ( 4? – 5 foot ) between workss to let air and visible radiation to perforate. Venturing Hibiscus have a hempen root system dwelling of normally three or four chief ground tackle roots and a mass of surface roots that take up nutrient and H2O. It is non an excessively vigorous root system except for a few of the really early types. and later. in strong air currents. the workss are disposed to be blown over. peculiarly in exposed countries or if non good established. Staking is indispensable for these workss. for being blown around in the air current can do hurt to the root system. ensuing in root putrefaction. Insert a hardwood interest as near to the works as possible without interfering with the roots and drive it down until it feels house ; this deepness will change for different dirt constructions. Tie the works to the interest utilizing some of the non galling strings available even nylon stockings will make. Make non bind the works excessively tightly as this will curtail root growing. and neer utilize wire or strong cord as this will cut into the root. For big workss steel star stations are recommended. Wooden bets should be checked on occasion for putrefaction and replaced when necessary. Successful Transplant What should you make when your hibiscus are excessively crowded. and non acquiring adequate Sun. are non booming for one ground or another and when they could be used to better advantage in another portion of the garden? The reply is to transfer. To travel workss successfully you must non merely make up ones mind why transplantation is necessary and what location would be better. but you must cognize the proper method of transfering. The determination to transfer hibiscus should be made sing the undermentioned points for each person works. Time to transfer: Warm countries late winter or early spring. Colder countries mid to late spring. Age and size of workss: Small immature workss are more easy moved than big mature shrubs long established in a location. Condition of works: A vigorous and booming works of course stands the daze of being moved better than a works that has been making ill. every bit good as being better able to stand terrible cold or heat and periods of drouth. However. an unhealthy works may retrieve if it is moved to a more suited location. To find the wellness and energy of your hibiscus for transfering. detect the length of the one-year top growing. the status of buds and flowers. the figure of dead subdivisions and the coloring material of the foliages. Scrawny growing. deformity. wilting. disease musca volitanss and hapless color of foliages are all marks of a works in hapless wellness. A visit to a first category babys room to larn how any assortment of hibiscus in top status should look would be helpful to those merely going acquainted with hibiscus. Quite frequently it is much easier and less clip devouring to purchase a new healthy works! Location Time is good spent in make up ones minding the new location for workss to be moved. A works site which will add to the beauty of the country is to be sought. but whether the works can defy alterations in Sun. shadiness. air current exposure and drainage conditions has a more direct bearing on the plant’s endurance. Different sorts of hibiscus vary in their growth wonts. their demand for Sun. and the clip of twelvemonth they bloom best. None of them like wet pess for long periods of clip. some of them are non really tolerant of salt spray. others need some protection from air current if they are to maintain in good status. Remember that a transplanted hibiscus should hold infinite available above and below the works as it grows. Roots need room to distribute. If the bush is to be good shaped. the top of the works should be free to develop decently. Some assortments grow low. broad and sprawly. others tall and compact ; be certain to take the growing into consideration when taki ng the topographic point for resettlement. Diging the Plant Transplanting failures can frequently be traced to injury sustained by the roots when the works is dug. Before delving the works. cut the subdivisions back one 3rd overall. Circle the works with a little trench. traveling out 30 centimeters ( 12 in ) for each 2. 5 centimeter ( 1 in ) of bole diameter. To avoid upseting untrimmed roots. excavation straight down. non on a angle. with a sharpened shadiness. Actual excavation for the remotion of the works should get down from the outer border of the plant’s Crown. with dirt carefully removed as you work nigher the bole. until the chief roots are located. Retain as much dirt around the roots as possible for root protection. Ease a piece of hessian. at least a metre square. down in the trench. Carefully work it under the ball of dirt and roots enfolding them. Adhere this ball with string or cord to ease remotion from the hole with least loss of dirt. or drying of the roots will ensue. With big. heavy specimens. it may be necessary to turn over the ball onto a tarpaulin or carpet to drag or skid the heavy works to its new location. The works will retrieve better if partially shaded with hessian or other cloth for the first hebdomad. A lacrimation with endocrine 20 or other root growing advancing endocrine after transfering will be good. and frequent scattering of the top with H2O is effectual in cut downing vaporization. Planting Dirt at the underside of the hole should be loose for good drainage. The works should sit at the same degree it was before being moved. Put the works in the hole at the right degree. so fill three quarters of the hole with dirt. Water and pack down lightly to take any air pockets that may be present. Drive in bets to procure the works. and make full the staying portion of the hole with a good assorted dirt or a mixture of dirt and peat moss. Care after Transplanting Newly transplanted hibiscus should be watered exhaustively every 2nd or 3rd twenty-four hours for 4 6 hebdomads. irrigating until H2O no longer seeps quickly into the dirt. One or two farther applications of endocrine 20 is besides recommended during this period. Let the surface dirt to dry before irrigating once more. Test the dirt for waterlessness by crumpling it through your fingers. deficiency of H2O causes the roots to dry up and decease. and inordinate H2O is likely to decompose the roots. Light irrigating causes the production of surface roots. Mulching with a 10 centimeter ( 4 in ) bed of normally used mulching stuff is valuable in retaining wet. Mulch should be kept about 10 centimeter ( 4 in ) off from the root to forestall harm by fungus and decay. When transfering one hibiscus to a place where another hibiscus was turning it is advisable to take a reasonably big part of the dirt and replace it with fresh dirt. This will replace some of the hint elements needed by hibiscus and guarantee the works has a good start. Finally. neer effort to transfer your hibiscus in late fall or winter! Protecting Hibiscus from Frost. Cold and Wind In countries where the temperature is expected to drop to 1 Â °C or lower. hibiscus ( particularly while they are immature ) must be protected from the cold and peculiarly against cold air currents. If non. terrible harm or loss of workss may happen. Prepare early to protect your garden. Buy the stuffs you will necessitate plastic. lumber. wire etc. and have them on manus in fall. Fertilise on a regular basis throughout the winter utilizing a balanced fertilizer ( one with approximately equal sums of N and potassium hydroxide ) . but apply less fertiliser than you would during the blossoming season. Regular monthly applications of fertilizer in moderateness will assist your workss remain healthy and strong and in the best status to defy the cold of winter. Banking workss has been really effectual in protecting them from terrible hoars. This requires stacking up a mixture of wood shaves. foliage mold or dirt in ahill 30 – 40 centimeter ( 12 – 16 in ) above the degree of the land wholly around the bole. This protects the roots of the works. On banking a grafted works. the heap should be carried above the transplant whenever possible. Often a cylinder of poulet wire helps to maintain the material intact. Banking should non be removed until the danger of hoar and cold conditions is by. If you do non bank your workss. so take any mulch from underneath them. This will assist somewhat in winter as the mulch tends to insulate works tops from the higher temperatures of the land. Cover the hibiscus to take advantage of heat stored in the dirt and works. This heat is radiated into the ambiance. but returns to the land if it strikes some sort of screen such as trees or structural overhang. Newspapers. composition board. gunny and old covers serve the same intent. This covering should be placed over the workss without touching the leaf. otherwise heat will be lost through the foliages through conductivity at the point of contact. and workss may be damaged at that place. A light portable frame with screen to protect the works down to the land is ideal and may be made in the place workshop. Polyethylene or plastic sheeting can besides be used as screen. Clear plastic can be brought in changing thicknesses from constructing supply shops. It comes in 30 m ( 100 foot ) axial rotations and is normally 4 m ( 12 foot ) broad. This is the best breadth as it will wholly cover a big group of workss in the land or in containers. It is about transparent. which permits sunlight incursion. supplying heat in the daylight. even though the temperature outside the covering would damage the workss. Supply support poles. boxes. wire. or other agencies of support to forestall the plastic touching the workss. To procure an air-tight enclosure. the outside border can be kept tight with the land by spading hills of dirt or by stacking bricks or rocks along the borders. When the temperature is expected to drop below stop deading. utilize a few 150 watt light Earths placed inside the covering good off from the plastic. or run sprinklers or downpour hosieries supplied from good or lake H2O inside the plastic to supply heat. which will assist maintain the temperature above the detrimental point for hibiscus. It is highly of import to raise or take this collapsible shelter like covering after the temperature has risen above stop deading but before the strong Sun can reflect through and blister the workss. The best thing of class is a greenhouse. constructed with either fiberglass or polythene sheeting. The greenhouse can be lined with bubble plastic in really cold countries to forestall harm. or heated. Plants can so be grown in containers and moved in and out harmonizing to season. The greenhouse will besides assist the workss recover after winter and the new growing will come off more quickly. The greenhouse would besides be priceless when striking film editings and grafting. Plants in containers can be taken indoors or moved to a gallery for protection when a terrible hoar is at hand. A sprinkler system may be used as protection by maintaining the workss wholly covered by a spray of H2O. Sprinklers should be started when the temperature reaches 1 Â °C and kept on until the Sun is good up in the forenoon. Plants may frost over. but will be protected if the H2O is non shut off. After a cold catch uncover the workss to supply sunshine and H2O if necessary. Plants that have been damaged will necessitate pruning ( see subdivision on sniping ) but don’t hurriedly grab for the limiters. Wait until all danger of hoar is past and allow the works show for itself how much it should be cut back. Frozen or damaged roots will be soft and pulpy. and when scraped the root will be a chocolate-brown coloring material. Cut back until the green shows. After a cold catch many agriculturists give the workss a light fertilizing with a speedy moving fertilizer to return them to a good healthy turning status. This fertilization should be done following a thorough lacrimation of the works. Wind Damaged Plants Try to protect hibiscus from the cold prevailing air currents that precede most cold moving ridges. The desiccating action of these cold prohibitionist air currents often causes more harm than the existent cold. Wind harm to workss consequences in typical foliage burn or fringy Browning. As the workss dehydrate they develop damage similar to fertiliser burn. Most of the damaged foliages will fall from the works in a short clip and will be replaced by new foliages with the return of warm conditions. Light mucking and fertilizing at this clip will guarantee a more rapid recovery of the affected workss. Care Water and Mulch: Water good! This means exhaustively soak the land. Don’t H2O once more until the land has dried out. In hot conditions regular lacrimation could be every 2nd or 3rd twenty-four hours. and in cool conditions possibly merely one time a hebdomad. This depends on your dirt ; H2O disappears faster in really flaxen dirts than in heavy dirts! A good soakage should be tantamount to 25 millimeter ( 1 in ) of rain. Mulch preserves wet from vaporization. It controls weed growing and lowers care. Leaf mold. old seaweed that the salt has been hosed out from. old straw. spent mushroom compost and garden composts are all all right mulch stuffs. Pine bark should be avoided until it is really old. Damage has been done to hibiscus by rosins leaching from certain barks which are toxic to workss. Weed mats besides serve to forestall vaporization yet still let the transition of air and wet to the dirt. Plagues: Watch out for garden plagues insects and diseases. The good nurseryman should be continually on the qui vive for marks that they are at work. Familiarize yourself with the symptoms of their presence.

Chlorine From Periodic Table of the Elements

Chlorine From Periodic Table of the Elements Atomic Number: 17 Symbol: Cl Atomic Weight: 35.4527 Discovery: Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1774 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p5 Word Origin: Greek: khloros: greenish-yellow Properties: Chlorine has a melting point of -100.98Â °C, boiling point of -34.6Â °C, density of 3.214 g/l, specific gravity of 1.56 (-33.6Â °C), with a valence of 1, 3, 5, or 7. Chlorine is a member of the halogen group of elements and directly combines with almost all of the other elements. Chlorine gas is a greenish yellow. Chlorine figures prominently in many organic chemistry reactions, particularly in substitutions with hydrogen. The gas acts as an irritant for respiratory and other mucous membranes. The liquid form will burn the skin. Humans can smell as low an amount as 3.5 ppm. A few breaths at a concentration of 1000 ppm is usually fatal. Uses: Chlorine is used in many everyday products. It is used for disinfecting drinking water. Chlorine is used in the production of textiles, paper products, dyes, petroleum products, medicines, insecticides, disinfectants, foods, solvents, plastics, paints, and many other products. The element is used to manufacture chlorates, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and in the extraction of bromine. Chlorine has been used as a chemical warfare agent. Sources: In nature, chlorine is only found in the combined state, most commonly with sodium as NaCl and in carnallite (KMgCl36H2O) and sylvite (KCl). The element is obtained from chlorides by electrolysis or via the action of oxidizing agents. Element Classification: Halogen Chlorine Physical Data Density (g/cc): 1.56 ( -33.6 Â °C) Melting Point (K): 172.2 Boiling Point (K): 238.6 Appearance: greenish-yellow, irritating gas. At high pressure or low temperature: red to clear. Isotopes: 16 known isotopes with atomic masses ranging from 31 to 46 amu. Cl-35 and Cl-37 are both stable isotopes with Cl-35 as the most abundant form (75.8%).Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 18.7 Covalent Radius (pm): 99 Ionic Radius: 27 (7e) 181 (-1e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.477 (Cl-Cl) Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 6.41 (Cl-Cl) Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 20.41 (Cl-Cl) Pauling Negativity Number: 3.16 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1254.9 Oxidation States: 7, 5, 3, 1, -1 Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 6.240 CAS Registry Number: 7782-50-5 Interesting Trivia: Chlorine leaks in containers are detected using ammonia. Ammonia will react with the chlorine and form a white mist above the leak.The most common natural chlorine compound on Earth is sodium chloride or table salt.Chlorine is the 21st most abundant element in the Earths crustChlorine is the third most abundant element in the Earths oceansChlorine gas was used as a chemical weapon during World War I. Chlorine is heavier than air and would form a deadly layer in low-lying foxholes and trenches. References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.)

Comparative essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Comparative - Essay Example In O’Connor’s work, the protagonist is not clear while in Abagnale’s, it is Frank. However, given that the Misfit is given a lot of focus, majority describe him as the protagonist in A Good Man Is Hard to Find. If this is the case, then it is apparent that both protagonists- Frank and The Misfit live as villains at the formative and medial stages of the two literary works (O’Connor, 6). At the same time, as the movie and the story approach denouement, the characters switch to different ways of dealing with their problems. For instance, The Misfit switches to an internal monologue when the grandmother presents the message of the Gospel to him. He debates inwardly, the existence of Jesus Christ, since he thinks that Christ had not made physical manifestations of Himself to prove His existence on one hand. On the other hand, he is concerned that he may be displeasing Christ, in the event that it turns out that He exists. All these happen in The Misfit’s mind as he decides also, whether he should shoot the grandmother or not. According to Price, this is not the case with Frank who has to make split second decisions when he is being trailed by an FBI agent, Carl. He hurriedly leaves Brenda, hoping that they can unite later. When their place of meeting is invaded by FBI agents, he leaves immediately (5). Both Frank and The Misfit show bitterness and recoil when confronted with the pain of being abandoned by their parents. When the grandmother tries to preach to The Misfit, he retorts that life has no pleasure but meanness. When the grandmother attempts to inquire some more and approach The Misfit, he recoils and shoots three times. When Frank happens upon his mother, her mother’s lover and stepsister, he gets agitated and turns himself up to be handed a 12 year prison sentence. This shows that like The Misfit, Frank totally rejects his parental figures (mothers) because of the pain of the past. The implication of the foregoing

Locate the state of Marylands Constitution and examine the major Essay

Locate the state of Marylands Constitution and examine the major elements and articles of the constitution - Essay Example As part of a democratic country, the government’s power rest on the people. (MSA, 2011) This means that the people have the right to vote for their leaders and the right to voice out their concerns. They also have rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion. The highest official in the state is the governor. Once elected, the governor is expected to act according to what the people want him to do. All services are also implemented through the approval of the governor and the legislative department. (MSA, 20110) The government of Maryland offers various services for the people, such as free public school education, health services and judicial services. These services are funded by the government through the taxes paid by the citizens. The judicial power of the state is vested on the Court of Appeals, which is composed of seven judges. Under the Court of Appeals, there are different circuit courts and district courts. (MSA, 2011) The citizens can avail the services of the judiciary department by filing complaints on any legal manner to the appropriate court. (Maryland Judiciary, 2006) All manners of complaints are accepted by the judiciary, such as for crimes, civil claims, child support, divorce and others. The citizen who needs assistance form any court should fill up a form and submit it to the appropriate court. For example, if a citizen is filing for divorce, he or she must fill up a domestic relations form and submit it to the family services department of the district court in his or her place of residence. After this process, the citizen would have to wait for the documents that he or she has to provide in order for the divorce to push through.(Maryland Judiciary, 2006) The length of time for any legal process depends on the complaints. There is a chance that crimes may require more time than divorces. In cases when the district courts cannot handle a given complaint, or if it requires further legal intervention, then the complaint wo uld have to be passed on to the Court of Appeals. (Maryland Judiciary, 2011) The government also provides social services for families like children’s health care program, emergency assistance for families with children, child care program, and even burial assistance for those families who lost their children. The government also provides temporary cash assistance and refugee cash assistance for those in need. The government also provides public assistance for the elderly and the disabled. To some extent, the government can also help in providing jobs for those who are unemployed. (Maryland.gov, n.d.) One important service that the government provides to its citizens is the Temporary Cash Assistance (TCA). Implemented by the Department of Human Resources, this program provides cash assistance to needy families with dependent children, and who cannot provide for the family’s needs. (Department of Human Resources, Maryland.gov. n.d.) Those families whose incomes do not e xceed $ 2,000 are entitled to receive cash assistance from the government. In terms of education, the government provides several programs to help students. Aside from the free public school system, the government of Maryland also provides scholarship grants to students who fall under certain categories. The government also has a college savings plan, wherein the students choose a specific college plan that suits the family’

Changes In The Concepts Of Childhood

Changes In The Concepts Of Childhood Discuss how childhood has changed since the 19th century. How do concepts from this period continue to influence current attitudes to childhood? What is childhood Childhood, the early years of a persons life, between birth to about 8 years, is also considered most beautiful, most meaningful and most important part of life for a human being. The importance of childhood can be understood by observing the fact that though many scientists have different theories to define the process of human development they all agree on the importance of childhood and experiences in that time having a profound affect on an individuals life. Many researches have been made on the process of human development and tough there are many proposed theories the actual difference between them is about how complex the relation really is between the stages and not what the stages really are. The differences are intrinsic not extrinsic. They all agree that childhood is a time when a person is moving from concrete to abstract thought. Man did learn sciences such as astrology, numerology, mathematics etc but the concept of schooling was deficient. People only knew as much as was required to trade and earn a living. A study conducted on child development concluded that in the year 1750 about 33 percent of infants and new born babies were left on doorsteps or social care homes by parents. (Archard, 1993)Poor children were also made to work in land mines and other industries by their parents to earn a living. Efforts to eradicate child labor have been made over centuries by the responsible government bodies in different countries and social welfare organizations in the world. But it seems that despite the changing perceptions towards childhood, statistical data proves otherwise. The commencement of specific child development theories and acknowledgment of these theories only date back to some 200 years ago, in the 17th and 18th century. An acclaimed name, in this regard is of Professor Malcolm W. Watson. (Heywood, 2001)He researched on Human Development and formed theories that are still studied and followed. Results of his findings emphasized on six major theories by different people in different times. These theories focus on different stages man goes through from infancy to adulthood. Details of how environment and other factors affect childhood are also underscored. The theories encompass effects and behavioral changes in man and what we opine about our own selves, be it scientists, researchers or a common man. Psychodynamic theory-Sigmund Freud. (James, 2004)This theory says that human psychology can be broken down in to three separate parts. These are namely the id, the ego and the superego. Id is the childish part of our personality and its driving force is food, warmth and appreciation and the sexual drive. This side of every being is then balanced by the other two parts i.e. ego and superego. The superego is contradictory to id. It is that part of human personality which enables us to control one self. Through this one acts in a socially acceptable manner. The ego is some where in the middle of these two extremes. Most of our troubles arise from balancing between the id and the superego. Oedipus complex is another very important entity of Freuds theory. This stage is when the child develops feelings for his opposite sex parents. Boys wish to take place of their father and be the head of the family and act as a husband to their mother but at the same time they respect their father and fear that if they cross limits they will have to bare the consequences. Psychosocial theory by Erik Erickson (Kehily, 2003)He coined the famous phrase Identity Crisis. His personality theory had 8 stages from infancy to old age. These were 1. Hope, 2. Will, 3. Purpose, 4. Competence, 5. Fidelity, 6. Love, 7. Caring, 8. Wisdom. Erik was the first to bring forth the notion that development is spread over our entire lives and not just childhood. Integrated Attachment theory- John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth: This theory originated in the early years of 1950s and was a joint effort by John Bowlby, specialist in child psychiatry and a psychologist, Mary Ainsworth. The concept is based on relationships and connections developed in the yearly years of our life. Also real life issues in a childs life pertaining to loss and separations with which he had emotional ties are emphasized upon in the theory. Social Learning theory by Albert Bandura: This theory was a modified version of the traditional learning theories. It says that learning is the same in infants, children, adults and even animals. Albert says that all respond to stimulus. Cognitive Mediation theory- Lev Vygotsky: Supporting many other major theorists, Vygotsky opines that learning comes first and paves way for development. According to his theory, a child learns through other individuals around him i.e. parents, teachers, siblings and other children. He says that developing thoughts and new skills is based on people in the environment we live in and our interaction with them. Cognitive developmental theory- Jean Piaget: Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist says that children learn by building their own cognitive worlds. He believed that individuals go through four stages of understanding. All of these are age related. Sensorimotor stage: This is from birth to two years of age. In this first stage, infants coordinate the senses of seeing and hearing with physical and motoric experiences to understand. Thus, the name sensorimotor. Preoperational stage: It goes on from two years of age to seven years. Children at this stage start relating the world and their surroundings with words and images. They go beyond the sensory experiences in this stage. Concrete Operational Stage: This third stage lasts from 7 years to eleven years. Children can perform operations, and logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples. For instance, concrete operational thinkers cannot imagine the steps necessary to complete algebraic equation, which is too abstract for thinking at this stage of development. (Mayall, 1994) Formal Operational Stage: The final stage is from 11 to 15 years. Children move further from concrete thoughts to abstracts and logical thinking. As a part of abstractive thinking they create hypothetical ideal circumstances and then compare their own life with these standards, deducing a satisfactory conclusion. In a nutshell, childhood is the time when we are understanding simple operations in order to be able to understand and master complex tasks in future. We need to identify the environment around us and use language to make connections to objects and the world in general. If this basic understanding is faulty, the future would certainly hold a lot more surprises, and many of them would be unwelcome. Only when a child fully understands the world around is he really able to grasp abstract concepts and use logic to reach meaningful conclusions in future. Having now understood what childhood is all about, how a human mind is developing, in stages, to understand the world it is introduced to and how important this part of life is in your life and mine, let us now take a look into how childhood has been different for people in the past century and the present. Childhood in the 18th century Compared to Childhood in the 19th century To begin with, the treatment of children with utmost care, especially in their earliest years, is a fairly recent notion. Before the 18th century, child mortality rate was so high that people had a lot of children of whom only a few actually survived. Parents could not afford to get too emotionally attached to children until they crossed a threshold age where chances of survival became greater than chances of death. In France, during the 17th century, between 20%-50% of infants died in their first year. (5) (Wyness, 2000) Zelizer, in his book, Pricing The Priceless Child, tells us how in the middle ages, Spanish children when they died could be buried anywhere on the premises, rather like a cat or dog, often, their bodies were sewn together into sacks and put inside common graves.In early Arabian cultures, the birth of a female child was considered a burden, it was mourned upon and in cases the infant was buried alive. Religion played a vital role in controlling erratic human behaviors and in both the east and the west, the religious institution was the first to recognize the rights of children and honorable dealings with them. The following table describes how religion basd institutions have provided childhood care facilities in the African continent. (Linda, 1984) With time and with the slow but steady spread of education, the world started becoming a different place altogether, especially in respect of the rights of children, and that happened mostly during the 18th and 19th centuries. We have, as the human species, come to realize that childhood is not just a biological phase in life. It holds much more meaning; it gives birth to a social being that embodies the belief system of on an entire populace at a point in time. Parents attitudes toward child bearing and rearing have undergone drastic reconstruction in modern times. 19th Century Concepts: In the 19th century children did not have a significant importance. No formal education and learning took place inside homes. Mothers generally did not have the awareness to spend time with their children and nurture them. A father in every home has been the breadwinner since times immemorial but women in the 19th century also joined the earning league. Till the early 19th century children were used to earn a living and a study shows that more than fifty percent of factory workers were children under the age of eleven years in northern parts of the world. They were made to work hard and perform hazardous jobs such as cleaning up narrow chimneys and going down cramped tunnels owing to their small size. Most historians would agree that children in present day world are much better off than the children in past centuries. But they continue to debate the extent to which childhood has changed since the 19th century and how the adults approach to childhood and dealing with children has altered. As such, children in past centuries worked with their parents from a very small age. But it was the industrial revolution of the 19th century which actually caused the inception of child labour. Researchers in the field of human development take one of two stances when explaining early childhood. They hold either an essentialist view (which considers childhood a commonalty that is no different in any part of the world, more a biological state than anything deeper). The other view to childhood, the constructionist view pictures childhood as being different in different cultures and different times. A child in Japan would be fundamentally different than a child in Britain. The children of one count ry would also be much different at different times. We can just take a look at the children around us and see the difference between our childhood and theirs to grasp the importance of the constructionist view. Cross cultural differences in childhood and its perception by elders is linked to the societies sense of a childs autonomy. It was considered an a vital aspect of Western cultures (Holland, 1992)but was not so prominent in eastern ones. While western mothers emphasized on teaching their child personal values and their rights at , each part of their lives, Japanese and Pakistani mothers have always emphasized more on differential treatment of elders and good mannerism (Gittens, 1998)The difference, as we see it plainly today, is that Japanese children display greater sensitivity and self discipline while American children are more confident and expressive. However, it has long been a subject of argument between researchers that irrespective of the vast differences in child rearing strategies across many cultures the fundamental importance of parenthood comes out in the form of warmth and acceptance against rejection and neglect (Jenks, 1996)However whether eastern cultures have been m ore histile toward the child in the past or western cultures have been more so is a matter of debate. While western cultures have displayed a generally strict attitude toward the childrearing and the lack of acknowledgement to their a childs own autonomy, eastern cultures on the other hand believe that strictness, control and and even corporal punishment are but ways to shw a child how much a prent cares. While the Chienese may consider American parents less caring for their childrens development of important social virtues, the American parent may consider Chinese as totally autorotarian and irrational (Higgonet, 1998)However, another psychological argument presented by Scientists says that in such collectivistic cultural arrangements as the Chinese, Japanese or Indian, authoritarian and restrictive parenting practices are necessary for maintaining harmoniously stable society . Literature on childhood from different cultures across the world have shown two main stream belief systems, the concept of childhood as Dionysian and Apollonian (Jenks, 1996)The Dionysian belief, taking from the greek mythological figure Dionysus (Prince of wine, nature and revelry) assumes that every child is born with evil or corruption in its nature imbued in their conscience. The Apollonian child is considers, from nature, the very image of beauty, poetry, sunshine and light. This is the belief that is prevalent today in the 21st century but did not exist in earlier centuries. While 19th century children were treated rather like animals. The industrial revolutions laid the foundations for the market for low paid child labour. IN textile factories, they worked as many as twelve hours a day. As education crept into the masses the parliament began passing laws to curtail child labour, but the first effective rule, emforced with the help of factory inspectors, came about in 1833. Education was not considered a necessity for every child and the responsibility of the state as late as 1870 and even then the poorest members of society could not afford school fee which were abolished in 1891. Victorian children were used to beatings and in extreme circumstances, poor children were forced to wear a cap which said dunce meaning a stupid person. Children dressed like adults, were supposed to act like adults and were treated in both love and hate as adults. The extent of neglect towards children can be seen by the fact that the first public park for children was build as late as 1859 in the city of Manchester. To us then, the hundreds of complex laws that protect children from evils makes utmost sense. Sexual and physical abuse, pornography, beatings and even simple neglect are considered crimes against childhood. Special laws for the special treatment of children are now in place to ensure that children are treated with delicate care. It seems that parental affection is not much of an instinct but only a reflection of what parents consider to be their duties toward their off spring. (Higgonet, 1998) It is a fact that parents in our world today can exercise less power over their children than in the past because a part of child rearing is controlled by the state (Donzalot, 1980). However these regulations have been brought into action to curtail the misuse of parental authority over children. Good parents can still be good parents, in fact, outside interference in maters such as family etiquettes, a childs eating, dressing, sleeping and entertainment habits and the setting of acceptable beahvorial standards is considered a breach of the parents right. The state usually only intervenes when it fears that the child is being ill treated or when it believes that the child is not well brought up and would be a danger to those around him or her. John Hood Willams (1990) points out that childrens lives are controlled by their families in quite a array of ways. Their social spaces are strictly defined, their times are set by elders, their clothes and haircut is subject to the parents ima ge of decency or acceptability. Parents even provide rules to be followed when eating, walking, talking and even standing in a crowd. Children are the most vulnerable to corporal punishment or all other members in the human society (Kline, 1993) However, 19th century and present day childhood is vastly different. Todays world is quite different than in the past century. Science and technology have rocketed human understanding of life many times over. Though the industrial revolution laid the foundations of all the progress we have seen in the past two hundred years, the greatest speed in the development of sciences and discovery has been hosted by the past 60 -70 years. Increasingly, the world has accepted that it is a global arena and not one divided by geographical boundaries. Cross cultural knowledge exchange has lead to a different populace which is ready to take on aspects of other societies almost readily. The media and internet have, without a trace of doubt, the greatest importance in the life of the modern child. Children are not only aware of fashion, trends and coursework, they are also aware of their rights and that 911 can save them from a parents physical or emotional abuse. At the same time that the present ce ntury is a blessing on children, it should also be brought into account that the 20th and 21st centuries have made childhood much more prone to corruption than previous centuries. To begin with, our environment is in a state of alarm, pollution and the green house effect have starting melting glaciers. Sea levels continue to rise and natural calamities have begun to affect humans in ever increasing ways. While countries emphasize on becoming wealthier and more powerful, they continue to expand their industrial and technological horizons but do not place due importance to the physical and mental development of a child. Physical activity (especially sport) for children has become an endangered species while computers and mobile phones have taken their place as a childs entertainment activity. Life has become fast and so much so that we enjoy and prefer fast food even if it delivers extremely low nutrition value and high cholesterol levels. Drug and sex abuse of children seems to be ri sing steadily, despite the existing laws to regulate such unacceptable actions. Terrorism, radical thought and the spirit of revolution among youth have made childhood an age where there should actually be more protection and concern from parents and the state. A childs cognitive and socioemotional development is therefore at the forefront of modern worlds strategies to rear better children. Cross cultural psychological studies have discovered that there are many ways in which cultural factors help in developing a sound child who would later develop into a socially acceptable person. The organization of physical and social setup in a surrounding, dictated by culture has a profound affect on the childs mannerism and activities. Prevalent social values, customs and norms provide a medium to evaluate his own acceptability or conformity in a society. Parental beliefs and practices, which have been molded by culture play a mediating role in a childs understanding of the world in which he/she lives. Contemporary societies use the schooling system, also built around their own cultural value, to imbed certain levels of acceptability criteria in the minds of children. (Gittens, 1998) For the broad minded modern child, many pieces of information, the instance of sexual information, is quite important in order to be able to perform in an agreeable way. It has already been shown by research that romantic ideals pave way for women coming to terms with their sexual drives and experiences .(Woodhead, 2003)At the same time boys, who hardly share romantic ideals with their parents tend to take on their masculine audacity to deal with love and sexual involvement .This finally leads to a pattern of married life (seen among the general populace) where women hardly get to the emotional closeness they expect to receive from their husbands .